{"fileID":686887,"siteID":1,"title":"扭亏第二年就要上市，却和大客户“数据打架”，联合动力啥情况？","linkTitle":"","catalogs":"","subTitle":"","isExclusive":1,"articleWordCount":2475,"leadTitle":"","source":"国际金融报","sourceID":0,"editor":"褚念颖","modifyTime":"2025-01-18 14:16:41","note":"","author":"吴鸣洲","authorID":0,"liability":"佘诗婕","abstract":"","publishTime":"2025-01-18 14:16:42","articleType":0,"keywords":"","countRatio":1,"countClick":584,"countDiscuss":0,"countPraise":0,"countShare":0,"countShareClick":0,"pic3":"","pic2":"","pic1":"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371809568121623_600x338.jpg","bigPic":0,"tag":"","shortTitle":"","content":"<p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">近日，苏州汇川联合动力系统股份有限公司（下称“联合动力”）向深交所提交了招股说明书，拟在创业板IPO。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">本次IPO，公司拟募资48.5711亿元，投向“新能源汽车核心零部件生产建设项目”“研发中心建设及平台类研发项目”“数字化系统建设项目”及“补充营运资金”共四个项目。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">公司才实现扭亏为盈、满足上市标准，就递交了上市申请。未来能保持盈利且稳定增长吗？此外，公司存在较为明显的大客户依赖，且与大客户的数据存在“数据打架”的情况……</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 2rem;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-cropselx1=\"0\" data-cropselx2=\"578\" data-cropsely1=\"0\" data-cropsely2=\"448\" data-galleryid=\"\" data-imgfileid=\"100038680\" data-ratio=\"0.7430406852248393\" data-s=\"300,640\" src=\"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808856351448_934x694.png\" data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"934\" data-imgqrcoded=\"1\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: 429px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: bottom; width: 578px;\"/></p><p class=\"mt-picture-desc-center\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 5px 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;\">制图：佘诗婕</p><section><section><section><section><section><br/></section></section><section><p class=\"mt-title-sm-left\" style=\"font-weight: bold; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;\"><strong>刚刚扭亏</strong></p></section></section></section></section><p><br/></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">据悉，联合动力成立于2016年9月，是一家智能电动汽车部件及解决方案提供商，主要产品包括电驱系统（电控、电机、三合一/多合一驱动总成）和电源系统（车载充电机、DC/DC转换器、二合一/三合一电源总成）等动力系统核心部件。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>值得一提的是，联合动力本次IPO，是创业板上市公司汇川技术分拆子公司上市。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">截至招股书签署日，汇川技术直接持有联合动力94.51%股份，系控股股东；此外，联益创投和联丰投资合计持有联合动力5.49%股份，执行事务合伙人均为苏州联动投资管理有限公司，系公司员工持股平台的执行机构。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">财务数据方面，2021年—2023年以及2024年上半年（下称“报告期”），公司实现的营业收入分别为29.03亿元、50.27亿元、93.65亿元和60.55亿元，前三年的复合增长率达到79.63%；净利润分别为-2.50亿元、-1.80亿元、1.86亿元、2.85亿元。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">可以看出，近几年内，公司收入和净利润持续增长，且在2023年扭亏为盈。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>但公司的净利润“含金量”不高。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">报告期内，公司经营活动产生的现金流量净额分别为-4.91亿元、-1.37亿元、-0.97亿元、4.83亿元。本次IPO，公司选取的上市标准为，预计市值不低于15亿元，最近一年净利润为正且营业收入不低于4亿元。<strong>也就是说，公司在2023年刚刚满足了上市标准之一，就开启了IPO。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">那么，才实现盈利的联合动力，未来能保持盈利且稳定增长吗？</p><section><br/></section><section><section><section><section><p class=\"mt-title-sm-left\" style=\"font-weight: bold; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;\"><strong>异于同行</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section></section><section><br/></section><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">具体来看，电驱系统是公司的第一大业务，报告期内的营收分别是28亿、46.8亿、77.4亿以及51.4亿，并且营收占比不断提高，2024年上半年的收入占比已接近85%；其次是电源系统业务，来自电源系统的营收则分别为0.97亿、3.3亿、15.8亿以及8.8亿元。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">2021年—2023年，联合动力在电驱系统的销量分别为55.94万台、89.85万台、168.51万台，复合增长率为73.5%。2024年上半年，电驱系统销量为133.95万台，已经达到了2023年全年销量的79.5%。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>报告期内，电源系统销量分别是2.5万台、8.29万台、53.25万台、36.89万台，前三年的复合增长率达到了361.5%。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>但与此同时，自2022年起，两大产品单价均呈现下降趋势。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">报告期内，公司电驱系统的销售单价分别为4959.06元/台、5160.72元/台、4474.33元/台、3806.52元/台，电源系统的销售单价分别为2995.03元/台、3149.47元/台、2636.18元/台、2298.68元/台。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>报告期内，公司主营业务产品毛利率分别为12.02%、13.57%、14.64%和15.96%，呈现上升趋势。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>这意味着，公司通过降低销售单价的方式，换取了更高的销量、摊薄了成本，以此实现盈利。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">但与同行公司相比，公司的毛利率与同行公司均值差距较大。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">在核心业务电驱系统方面，报告期内，4家可比公司巨一科技、英搏尔、精进电动、威迈斯的毛利率均值分别为6.80%、7.61%、5.52%、10.29%，而联合动力为12.00%、13.96%、14.92%、16.52%。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">报告期各期，公司研发费用分别为39168.26万元、57180.40万元、62556.33万元和40553.65万元，<strong>研发投入占营业收入的比例分别为13.49%、11.37%、6.68%、6.70%，研发费用率持续下滑。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>同期，同行公司的研发费用率均值分别为11.73%、10.06%、9.50%、7.99%。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">对比发现，2023年和2024年上半年，公司的研发费用率已经低于同行均值。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">在研发费用率低于同行的情况下，公司如何做到持续降价但毛利率高于同行？这是否合理？</p><section><br/></section><section><section><section><section><p class=\"mt-title-sm-left\" style=\"font-weight: bold; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;\"><strong>大客户依赖</strong></p></section><section><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">IPO日报发现，公司存在较为明显的大客户依赖。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>报告期内，公司向前五大客户销售额合计分别为23.73亿元、36.06亿元、71.2亿元、40.13亿元，占当期营业收入的比例分别为81.74%、71.73%、76.03%和66.28%，</strong>客户相对集中且多为头部整车厂。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">具体来看，公司大客户主要包括理想汽车、广汽集团、奇瑞集团、长安汽车、吉利集团、小鹏汽车等。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">值得一提的是，前五大客户中，理想汽车的子公司常州汇想新能源汽车零部件有限公司（下称“常州汇想”）系公司的联营企业，公司主要向其销售电驱系统产品。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">2022年、2023年以及2024年1-6月，公司向常州汇想提供的产品销售以及开发服务的金额分别为1635.28万元、161913.46万元以及151994.43万元，报告期内呈显著上升态势。2024年上半年，上述关联交易占比高达25.1%。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>这一交易定价是否公允？</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 2rem;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-imgfileid=\"100038677\" data-ratio=\"0.40613718411552346\" src=\"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808860081273_554x225.png\" data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"554\" data-imgqrcoded=\"1\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 600px; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: bottom;\"/></p><section><br/></section><section><section><section><section><p class=\"mt-title-sm-left\" style=\"font-weight: bold; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;\"><strong>“数据打架”</strong></p></section><section><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">招股书显示，2022年、2023年以及2024年1-6月，公司向中车时代半导体的采购金额分别为33286.69万元、62280.44万元、33830.14万元，占总采购金额的比重分别为7.03%、8.28%、7.27%。上述时间段内，中车时代半导体一直是公司的第二大供应商。</p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\"><strong>然而上述数据却与中车时代半导体的母公司时代电气年报数据对不上。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">时代电气2022年年报显示，<strong>2022年，公司对第四大客户、第五大客户的销售额分别为39068.34万元、28815.09万元，均与联合动力披露的交易数据有明显差距。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 2rem;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-imgfileid=\"100038679\" data-ratio=\"0.351985559566787\" src=\"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808861411271_554x195.png\" data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"554\" data-imgqrcoded=\"1\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 600px; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: bottom;\"/></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">时代电气2023年年报显示，2023年，公司对第二大客户、第三大客户的销售额分别为172106.89万元、59579.57万元，<strong>均与联合动力披露的交易数据有明显差距。</strong></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 2rem;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-imgfileid=\"100038678\" data-ratio=\"0.4711191335740072\" src=\"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808861941269_554x261.png\" data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"554\" data-imgqrcoded=\"1\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 600px; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: bottom;\"/></p><p class=\"mt-p-default\" style=\"font-weight: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.75; margin: 10px 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2rem;\">造成上述数据差异的原因是什么？</p>","extField":{"catalogName":"","att":[],"isShareIcon":0,"images":4,"shareIcon":"","videos":0,"audits":[],"articleExt":[]},"isHide":0,"columnID":39,"columnName":"IPO","columnStyle":0,"discussClosed":0,"countClickInit":0,"fullColumn":"IPO","articleUrl":"","specialId":0,"linkID":0,"articleExt":[],"ipCity":"","activityStatus":0,"att":[],"shareIcon":"","images":[{"imgUrl":"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808856351448_934x694.png","imageUrl":"","imgDesc":"","placeholder":"##########"},{"imgUrl":"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808860081273_554x225.png","imageUrl":"","imgDesc":"","placeholder":"##########"},{"imgUrl":"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808861411271_554x195.png","imageUrl":"","imgDesc":"","placeholder":"##########"},{"imgUrl":"https://image.ifnews.com/data/1/images/2025/0118/17371808861941269_554x261.png","imageUrl":"","imgDesc":"","placeholder":"##########"}],"videos":[],"videoExif":{},"htmlAbstract":"","relArticle":[],"auditUsers":[],"countCollect":0}